2 research outputs found
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Lateralized hippocampal oscillations underlie distinct aspects of human spatial memory and navigation
The hippocampus plays a vital role in various aspects of cognition including both memory and spatial navigation. To understand electrophysiologically how the hippocampus supports these processes, we recorded intracranial electroencephalographic activity from 46 neurosurgical patients as they performed a spatial memory task. We measure signals from multiple brain regions, including both left and right hippocampi, and we use spectral analysis to identify oscillatory patterns related to memory encoding and navigation. We show that in the left but not right hippocampus, the amplitude of oscillations in the 1–3-Hz “low theta” band increases when viewing subsequently remembered object–location pairs. In contrast, in the right but not left hippocampus, low-theta activity increases during periods of navigation. The frequencies of these hippocampal signals are slower than task-related signals in the neocortex. These results suggest that the human brain includes multiple lateralized oscillatory networks that support different aspects of cognition
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Electrophysiology of Human Spatial Navigation and Memory
The question of how we form memories has fascinated scientists for decades. The hippocampus and surrounding medial-temporal-lobe (MTL) structures are critical for both memory and spatial navigation, yet we do not fully understand the neuronal representations used to support these behaviors. Much research has examined how the MTL neurally represents spatial information, such as with “place cells” that represent an animal’s current location or “head-direction cells” that code for an animal’s current heading. In addition to attending to current spatial locations, navigating to remote destinations is a common part of daily life. In this dissertation I investigate how the human MTL represents the relevant information in a goal-directed spatial-memory task. Specifically, I analyze single-neuron and local field potential (LFP) data from neurosurgical patients with respect to their spatial navigation and memory behavior, with a focus on probing the link between neuronal firing, oscillations, and memory.
In Chapter 2, I find that the firing rates of many MTL neurons during navigation significantly change depending on the position of the current spatial target. In addition, I observe neurons whose firing rates during navigation are tuned to specific heading directions in the environment, and others whose activity changes depending on the timing within the trial. By showing that neurons in our task represent remote locations rather than the subject’s own position, my results suggest that the human MTL can represent remote spatial information according to task demands. In Chapter 3, I find that during encoding the left hippocampus exhibits greater low theta power for subsequently recalled items compared to unrecalled items. I also find that high frequency activity and neuronal firing in the hippocampus distinguish between item-filled compared to empty chests. Finally, I find that MTL cells’ firing rates and the differential timing of spikes relative to low frequency oscillations in the LFP distinguish between subsequent recall conditions. These results provide evidence for a distinct processing state during the encoding of successful spatial memory in the human MTL. Overall, in this thesis I show new aspects of the neural code for spatial memories, and how the human MTL supports these representations